PLOS ONE: The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread nate berkus and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon
Affiliations: Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, nate berkus Division of Vertebrate Zoology, New York, New York United States of America, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America X Robert C. Schelly,
Affiliations: Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, New York, New York United States of America, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America X W. Leo Smith,
Affiliations: Department nate berkus of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, New York, New York United States of America, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Inc., Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America X David F. Gruber equal contributor mail
Affiliations: Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United nate berkus States of America X Published: January 08, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083259
The discovery of fluorescent proteins has revolutionized experimental biology. Whereas the majority of fluorescent proteins have been identified from cnidarians, recently several fluorescent proteins have been isolated across the animal tree of life. Here we show that biofluorescence is not only phylogenetically widespread, but is also phenotypically variable across both cartilaginous nate berkus and bony fishes, highlighting its evolutionary history and the possibility for discovery of numerous novel fluorescent proteins. Fish biofluorescence is especially common and morphologically variable in cryptically patterned coral-reef lineages. We identified 16 orders, 50 families, 105 genera, and more than 180 species of biofluorescent fishes. We have also reconstructed our current understanding of the phylogenetic distribution of biofluorescence for ray-finned fishes. The presence of yellow long-pass intraocular filters in many biofluorescent fish lineages and the substantive color vision capabilities of coral-reef fishes suggest that they are capable of detecting fluoresced light. We present species-specific emission patterns among closely related nate berkus species, nate berkus indicating nate berkus that biofluorescence potentially functions in intraspecific communication and evidence that fluorescence can be used for camouflage. This research provides insight into the distribution, evolution, and phenotypic variability of biofluorescence in marine lineages and examines the role this variation may play.
Citation: nate berkus Sparks JS, Schelly RC, Smith WL, Davis MP, Tchernov D, et al. (2014) The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread nate berkus and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon. PLoS ONE 9(1): e83259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083259
Funding: This work was supported by the American Museum of Natural History, City University of New York, National nate berkus Science Foundation grants DEB-0444842, IOS-0749943, and DEB-1258141 to JSS, MCB-0920572 and DRL-1007747 to DFG, DEB-0732642 and DEB-1060869 to WLS, DEB-1257555 and DEB-1258141 to MPD, WLS, and JSS, National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants U24NS057631 and R01NS083875 to VAP and National Geographic Waitt Grants #W101-10 nate berkus to DFG and #W214-12 to JSS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The primarily monochromatic blue spectrum that characterizes large areas of the photic ocean provides nate berkus a unique filtered-light environment for visual organisms. Compared to the terrestrial environment, marine organisms reside in a spectrally restricted visual domain. The red, orange, yellow, and green components of sunlight are selectively removed with depth resulting in a narrow, near-monochromatic, band of blue light between 470 and 480 nm [1] . Spectrally restricted illumination in the ocean provides unique lighting conditions for organisms to exploit fluorescence nate berkus to produce visual contrast and patterns. In the marine environment, biofluorescence is highly prevalent in cnidarians (particularly Anthozoans) [2] , and also in a ctenophore [3] , copepods [4] , mantis shrimp [5] , amphioxus [6] and some fishes [7] . In addition, the photosynthetic apparatus associated with chlorophyll fluoresces red and provides nate berkus a background of biofluorescence in areas of high algal growth on coral reefs.
Biofluorescence results from the absorption nate berkus of electromagnetic radiation at one wavelength by an organism, followed by its reemission at a longer and lower energy wavelength, visually resulting in green, orange, and red emission coloration in marine
Affiliations: Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, nate berkus Division of Vertebrate Zoology, New York, New York United States of America, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America X Robert C. Schelly,
Affiliations: Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, New York, New York United States of America, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America X W. Leo Smith,
Affiliations: Department nate berkus of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, New York, New York United States of America, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Inc., Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America X David F. Gruber equal contributor mail
Affiliations: Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United nate berkus States of America X Published: January 08, 2014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083259
The discovery of fluorescent proteins has revolutionized experimental biology. Whereas the majority of fluorescent proteins have been identified from cnidarians, recently several fluorescent proteins have been isolated across the animal tree of life. Here we show that biofluorescence is not only phylogenetically widespread, but is also phenotypically variable across both cartilaginous nate berkus and bony fishes, highlighting its evolutionary history and the possibility for discovery of numerous novel fluorescent proteins. Fish biofluorescence is especially common and morphologically variable in cryptically patterned coral-reef lineages. We identified 16 orders, 50 families, 105 genera, and more than 180 species of biofluorescent fishes. We have also reconstructed our current understanding of the phylogenetic distribution of biofluorescence for ray-finned fishes. The presence of yellow long-pass intraocular filters in many biofluorescent fish lineages and the substantive color vision capabilities of coral-reef fishes suggest that they are capable of detecting fluoresced light. We present species-specific emission patterns among closely related nate berkus species, nate berkus indicating nate berkus that biofluorescence potentially functions in intraspecific communication and evidence that fluorescence can be used for camouflage. This research provides insight into the distribution, evolution, and phenotypic variability of biofluorescence in marine lineages and examines the role this variation may play.
Citation: nate berkus Sparks JS, Schelly RC, Smith WL, Davis MP, Tchernov D, et al. (2014) The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread nate berkus and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon. PLoS ONE 9(1): e83259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083259
Funding: This work was supported by the American Museum of Natural History, City University of New York, National nate berkus Science Foundation grants DEB-0444842, IOS-0749943, and DEB-1258141 to JSS, MCB-0920572 and DRL-1007747 to DFG, DEB-0732642 and DEB-1060869 to WLS, DEB-1257555 and DEB-1258141 to MPD, WLS, and JSS, National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants U24NS057631 and R01NS083875 to VAP and National Geographic Waitt Grants #W101-10 nate berkus to DFG and #W214-12 to JSS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The primarily monochromatic blue spectrum that characterizes large areas of the photic ocean provides nate berkus a unique filtered-light environment for visual organisms. Compared to the terrestrial environment, marine organisms reside in a spectrally restricted visual domain. The red, orange, yellow, and green components of sunlight are selectively removed with depth resulting in a narrow, near-monochromatic, band of blue light between 470 and 480 nm [1] . Spectrally restricted illumination in the ocean provides unique lighting conditions for organisms to exploit fluorescence nate berkus to produce visual contrast and patterns. In the marine environment, biofluorescence is highly prevalent in cnidarians (particularly Anthozoans) [2] , and also in a ctenophore [3] , copepods [4] , mantis shrimp [5] , amphioxus [6] and some fishes [7] . In addition, the photosynthetic apparatus associated with chlorophyll fluoresces red and provides nate berkus a background of biofluorescence in areas of high algal growth on coral reefs.
Biofluorescence results from the absorption nate berkus of electromagnetic radiation at one wavelength by an organism, followed by its reemission at a longer and lower energy wavelength, visually resulting in green, orange, and red emission coloration in marine
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